1948+War

__**Essential Questions**__
 * __ 1948 War __**
 * 1) What was each side's motivation for the war?
 * 2) What was the outcome of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War?
 * 3) Why/How was this outcome achieved?


 * Arab Side **by Morgan Chaney and Sarah Kurzu
 * The war between the Palestine Arabs and Jews was not something that happened overnight, but over a long and extended period of time.
 * The start of the 1948 war surrounded an announcement by the UN in November of 1948 dividing the country between the two groups. The Arabs overall did not like this idea and rioted, considering that this plan was “a violation of Arabs’ self determination.”
 * The Arabs and Jews began to fight all over the country.
 * Many countries came to join the Arabs by giving the group weapons and soldiers.
 * The number of casualties increased as attacks worsened.
 * The Arabs attacked popular Jewish areas
 * Bombed //The Jerusalem Post// as well as other important buildings to the Jewish community
 * There Were four different phases in the war between the Israeli and the Arabs.
 * ** May 14 1948- June 11 1948 Phase 1 **
 * Started when Israel declared itself an independent nation
 * 1,000 Lebanese, 5,000 Syrian, 5,000 Iraqi, and 10,000 Egyptian troops then invaded the new Israeli nation because of disapproval and not recognizing this new state as a true nation
 * On 26 May 1948, the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) was officially established, and the Haganah, Palmach and Irgun were dissolved into the army of the new Jewish state.
 * “As the war progressed, the IDF managed to field more troops than the Arab forces. By July 1948, the IDF had 63,000 troops; by early spring 1949, they had 115,000. The Arab armies had an estimated 40,000 troops in July 1948, rising to 55,000 in October 1948, and slightly more by the spring of 1949.”
 * Largest battles were fought in Jerusalem on the Jerusalem-Tel Aviv road between the Arab Legion and the Israeli forces
 * On 21 May, the Syrian army was blocked in the North at kibbutz Degania. After fighting for a day, the next day the Syrians were chased out with four "Napoleonchik" mountain guns which were Israel's first use of artillery during the war.
 * Operation “Bin-Nin A and B” were similar attacks against the Arab Legion that both failed, but killed 139 peoples.
 * ** Phase Two July 8, 1948- July 18, 1948 **
 * This phase was the most violent and fighting oriented phase
 * The fighting was dominated by large scale Israeli offences
 * There were three main operations that were used to try to capture land
 * ** Operation Dani **
 * Was an attack by the Israeli on the Arabs that attacked the central city of Lydda form the north via Majdal al-Sadiq and al-Muzayri’a and from the east from Khulda, Jimzu, and Danyal
 * Bombers were used first in this operation to bombard the city
 * Ramle ended up in the hands of the Israeli
 * ** Operation Dekel **
 * Was an attack carried out in the north
 * Nazareth was captured on the 16th of July by the Israeli
 * The whole lower Galilee from Haifa bay to the Sea of Galilee was captured on July 18th by the Israeli
 * ** Operation Kedem **
 * Was a plan to break through “The New Gate”
 * Started on the 17th of July, 1948 in the morning, and was then ended by the retreat of the Israeli soldiers later that night
 * ** Phase three October 15, 1948- July 20, 1949 **
 * During the third phase of the 1948 war, Israel launched a series of military operations to drive out the Arab armies so that they could secure the borders of Israel
 * Operation Yoav
 * A military operation that “drove a wedge” between the Egyptian forces
 * Ended up shattering the Egyptian army ranks and forced Egypt’s retreat
 * **Operation Hiram**
 * Captured the entire area of Galilee and advanced the Israelis 5 miles into Lebanon




 * The Jewish attacks that followed in response were what escaladed the fighting as the Jewish armies began to take over the land that was supposed to be given to them.
 * The Arabs did not cross the separating line that the UN had set
 * Although the Arab army had chosen a commander in chief, they were unable to put plans to action. Each separate part of the army was led by a different general and never combined with the other groups.
 * The armies did not have proper equipment or training, with the exception of the Arab Legion.
 * The Arab army, although successful at first, lost grouping altogether in June of 1948 and both sides signed a truce that would last for twenty eight days.




 * ** Israeli Point of View ** by Kyle Adamson and Teddy Condie
 * The Zionists were fighting the "//War of Independence//" as they had every right to the land in Israel because it had been given to them and they were defending their new state. They were unfairly attacked by the Arabs because it was their land that the Arabs were trying to take.
 * Fairly, the UN assigned approximately 50% of Palestine to the Jews and 50% to the Arabs. Because they were the rightful owners, David Ben-Gurion announced the independent state of 'Israel' and became the first prime minister.
 * The Yishnuv Forces (Jewish) was composed of the Haganah army made of 35,000 people ready to fight, and "10,489 rifles, 702 light machine-guns, 2,666 submachine guns, 186 medium machine-guns, 672 two-inch mortars and 92 three-inch (76 mm) mortars". They were clearly better organized and desired independence more than the Arab soldiers desired to attack without reason.
 * Because of their superiority, the Israelis won the war and signed Armistice agreements with separate Arab countries in 1949. Not only did the Jews defend Israel, they improved it as the new Israel encompassed approximately 78% of what was formerly Palestine.



**Other Information** by Morgan Chaney and Sarah Kurzu
 * Overall- Arabs were totally overridden by the Israelis and their militaries, and lost lots of their land to the Israelis
 * On 8 July 1948, the Arab League decided to set up a temporary civil administration in Palestine, to be directly responsible to the Arab League.
 * The armistice agreements were considered preliminary to permanent peace settlements. They established frontiers between Israel and its neighbors that remained in effect until the Arab Israel War of 1967.A UN Truce Supervisory Organization with for Mixed Armistice Commissions, comprised of Israel and of Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan, and Syria, was established to deal with disputes between the signatories.
 * The Arab regular armies lost two thousand; there were no reliable figures for Palestinian irregulars, although some estimates ran as high as 13 thousand.
 * A major consequence of the war was the Palestine Arab refugee problem. Although there was no accurate census of the refugees, their number was estimated by the United Nations to be over 700,000---more than half the Arab population of mandatory Palestine. Failure to prevent establishment of the Jewish state was considered a major disaster in the Arab world; loss of the war, the flight of the Palestinians, and the establishment of Israel were called by many //the nakba//, a disaster that was to intrude into inter-Arab politics, affect Arab relations with the West, and color Arab self-perceptions for decades to come.


 * Works Cited **
 * “Arab Internees Released during Arab-Israeli War, 1948”, Reproduced in History Resource Center. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. [|http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/History/]
 * “Arab Internees Released during Arab-Israeli War, 1948”, Reproduced in History Resource Center. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. [|http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/History/]
 * “Arabs and Jews Fight for Jerusalem, 1948”, Reproduced in History Resource Center. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. [|http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/History/]
 * "Arab-Israeli Wars [1947-82]." //International Military and Defense Encyclopedia//. 6 vols. Charles Scribner's Sons, 1993. Reproduced in History Resource Center. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale.
 * Peretz, Don. "Arab-Israel War (1948)." __History Resource Center: World__. Gale Cengage Learning. 20 Apr. 2009 .
 * [|http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/HistRC/]
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 * http://911review.org/Wget/members.fortunecity.com/911/palestine/some-wars.htm
 * http://www.historynet.com/lashing-back-israel%E2%80%99s-1947-1948-civil-war.htm
 * []

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